{"id":2059,"date":"2020-10-11T15:53:27","date_gmt":"2020-10-11T12:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/?p=2059"},"modified":"2022-01-29T16:26:09","modified_gmt":"2022-01-29T12:56:09","slug":"polyester-resin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyester resin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2059\" class=\"elementor elementor-2059 elementor-1409\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17969909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17969909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-344f7318\" data-id=\"344f7318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a691367 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a691367\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems, particularly in the marine industry. By far the majority of dinghies, yachts and workboats built in composites make use of this resin system.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>Polyester resins such as these are of the \u2018unsaturated\u2019 type. Unsaturated polyester resin is a thermoset, capable of being cured from a liquid or solid state when subject to the right conditions. It is usual to refer to unsaturated polyester resins as \u2018polyester resins\u2019, or simply as \u2018polyesters\u2019. There is a whole range of polyesters made from different acids, glycols and monomers, all having varying properties.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>There are two principle types of polyester resin used as standard laminating systems in the composites industry. Orthophthalic polyester resin is the standard economic resin used by many people. Isophthalic polyester resin is now becoming the preferred material in industries such as marine where its superior water resistance is desirable.<\/p>\n<p>The figure below shows the idealised chemical structure of a typical polyester. Note the positions of the ester groups (CO \u2013 O \u2013 C) and the reactive sites (C* = C*) within the molecular chain.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4168 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Easter-Groups.jpg\" alt=\"Easter Groups\" width=\"300\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Easter-Groups.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Easter-Groups-150x52.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br><\/p>\n<p>Most polyester resins are viscous, pale coloured liquids consisting of a solution of a polyester in a monomer which is usually styrene. The addition of styrene in amounts of up to 50% helps to make the resin easier to handle by reducing its viscosity.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>The styrene also performs the vital function of enabling the resin to cure from a liquid to a solid by \u2018cross-linking\u2019 the molecular chains of the polyester, without the evolution of any by-products.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>These resins can therefore be moulded without the use of pressure and are called \u2018contact\u2019 or \u2018low pressure\u2019 resins. Polyester resins have a limited storage life as they will set or \u2018gel\u2019 on their own over a long period of time. Often small quantities of inhibitor are added during the resin manufacture to slow this gelling action.<\/p>\n<h4><br><\/h4><h4>For use in moulding, a polyester resin requires the addition of several ancillary products. These products are generally:<\/h4><div><br><\/div>\n<p><strong>Catalyst<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Accelerator<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Additives: Thixotropic; Pigment; Filler; Chemical\/fire resistance<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>A manufacturer may supply the resin in its basic form or with any of the above additives already included. Resins can be formulated to the moulder\u2019s requirements ready simply for the addition of the catalyst prior to moulding.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>As has been mentioned, given enough time an unsaturated polyester resin will set by itself. This rate of polymerisation is too slow for practical purposes and therefore catalysts and accelerators are used to achieve the polymerisation of the resin within a practical time period.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>Catalysts are added to the resin system shortly before use to initiate the polymerisation reaction. The catalyst does not take part in the chemical reaction but simply activates the process. An accelerator is added to the catalysed resin to enable the reaction to proceed at workshop temperature and\/or at a greater rate.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>Since accelerators have little influence on the resin in the absence of a catalyst they are sometimes added to the resin by the polyester manufacturer to create a \u2018pre-accelerated\u2019 resin.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>The molecular chains of the polyester can be represented as follows, where \u2018B\u2019 indicates the reactive sites in the molecule.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4169 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-Resin.jpg\" alt=\"Representation of polyester Resin\" width=\"225\" height=\"68\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-Resin.jpg 225w, https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-Resin-150x45.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>With the addition of styrene \u2018S \u2018, and in the presence of a catalyst, the styrene cross-links the polymer chains at each of the reactive sites to form a highly complex three-dimensional network as follows:<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4170 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-resin-cured.jpg\" alt=\"Representation of polyester resin (cured)\" width=\"249\" height=\"126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-resin-cured.jpg 249w, https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Representation-of-polyester-resin-cured-150x76.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br><\/p>\n<p>The polyester resin is then said to be \u2018cured\u2019. It is now a chemically resistant (and usually) hard solid. The cross-linking or curing process is called \u2018polymerisation\u2019. It is a non-reversible chemical reaction. The \u2018side-by-side\u2019 nature of this cross-linking of the molecular chains tends to means that polyester laminates suffer from brittleness when shock loadings are applied.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>Great care is needed in the preparation of the resin mix prior to moulding. The resin and any additives must be carefully stirred to disperse all the components evenly before the catalyst is added. This stirring must be thorough and careful as any air introduced into the resin mix affects the quality of the final moulding.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>This is especially so when laminating with layers of reinforcing materials as air bubbles can be formed within the resultant laminate which can weaken the structure. It is also important to add the accelerator and catalyst in carefully measured amounts to control the polymerisation reaction to give the best material properties.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>Too much catalyst will cause too rapid a gelation time, whereas too little catalyst will result in under-cure.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<p>Colouring of the resin mix can be carried out with pigments. The choice of a suitable pigment material, even though only added at about 3% resin weight, must be carefully considered as it is easy to affect the curing reaction and degrade the final laminate by use of unsuitable pigments.<\/p><p><br><\/p>\n<h4>Filler materials are used extensively with polyester resins for a variety of reasons including:<\/h4><div><br><\/div>\n<p><strong>To reduce the cost of the moulding&nbsp;<\/strong><br>\n<strong>To facilitate the moulding process&nbsp;<\/strong><br>\n<strong>To impart specific properties to the moulding<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fillers are often added in quantities up to 50% of the resin weight although such addition levels will affect the flexural and tensile strength of the laminate.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>The use of fillers can be beneficial in the laminating or casting of thick components where otherwise considerable exothermic heating can occur.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>Addition of certain fillers can also contribute to increasing the fire-resistance of the laminate.<\/p>\n<p>Published courtesy of&nbsp;David Cripps, Gurit<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gurit.com\/\">http:\/\/www.gurit.com<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems, particularly in the marine industry. By far the majority of dinghies,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4182,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1054],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.3 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is polyester resin used for? | Nadpolymer | manufacturer of resins<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems, particularly in the marine industry. 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By far the majority of dinghies,","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Polyester resin","og_description":"Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems, particularly in the marine industry. By far the majority of dinghies,","og_url":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/","og_site_name":"\u0646\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0631","article_published_time":"2020-10-11T12:23:27+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-01-29T12:56:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":700,"height":472,"url":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/What-is-Polyester-Resin-used-for.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"NadPolymer","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"NadPolymer","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/"},"author":{"name":"NadPolymer","@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/#\/schema\/person\/0e159aed34bf1e106c72988c1d3a3e0c"},"headline":"Polyester resin","datePublished":"2020-10-11T12:23:27+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-29T12:56:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/"},"wordCount":910,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/What-is-Polyester-Resin-used-for.jpg","articleSection":["Articles"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/","url":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/","name":"What is polyester resin used for? | Nadpolymer | manufacturer of resins","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/en\/polyester-resin\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nadpolymer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/What-is-Polyester-Resin-used-for.jpg","datePublished":"2020-10-11T12:23:27+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-29T12:56:09+00:00","description":"Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems, particularly in the marine industry. 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